Background:
Before the end of Greek civilization, a huge empire and
civilization developed on the banks of the river Tiber in Italy. This
civilization centered on Rome is known as Roman civilization. At first Rome was
under the rule of a king. There was a meeting and a senate at that time. When
the king became a dictator, he was removed from power and a republic was
established in Rome in 510 BC. The Roman civilization lasted about six hundred
years.
Ancient Rome - Facts, Location, &
Timeline - HISTORY
Geographical
location and duration:
The city of Rome is located in western Italy. Italy
stretches from the Mediterranean Sea in the south to the Alps in the north. The
Adriatic Sea between Italy and Yugoslavia. The ancient seaport of Adria
developed in northeastern Italy on the shores of the Adriatic Sea. The
Mediterranean is also located in the western part of Italy. This part of the
sea is called Eskan Sea in ancient times. Ancient Ram was an agricultural
country as it was an opportunity for agricultural development. As a result,
clashes between the invaders and the original inhabitants of Ram were
commonplace. That is why through these conflicts the Romans became a warrior
nation. Reviewing the history of Raman, it can be seen that the city of Raman
was established in 753 BC through various ups and downs, and the final collapse
of the Raman empire in 476 ADS at the hands of the German barbaric nations.
The city of Rome is also the identity of the Roman rule:
Rome is located on a mountain range about
twelve to thirteen miles from the source of the important Tiber River. That is
why it is also called the city of seven mountains. In the Christian era, a
group of Indo-European people started living in Italy. They are called Latin.
According to their name, the name of the language is also Latin. The Latin king
Remiulus founded the city of Rome. According to his name, the name of the city
is Rome.
Democracy was not established overnight in
Rome. Democracy was established in Rome through various reform struggles step
by step. Historians have divided Roman history into several parts. Namely: 753-510
BC was the era of monarchy. During this period seven emperors ruled the
country. After the overthrow of the last emperor of this era, Turcunius
Supercas, the Republic of Rome began. This republican system lasted from 500 to 60 BC. Brutus
was the leader of the People's Rebellion when republican rule was established
in Rome. And gives another person the opportunity to rule as a people's
representative. After the fall of the monarchy, the people of Rome were divided
into two groups, the Patricians, and the Plebeians, who were ordinary citizens.
Small farmers, artisans, merchants belong to the Plebian class.
The first 200 years of the republic were a
history of conflict between the Patricians and the Plebeians. Plebeians were a
deprived class in society. Disenfranchised Plebeians continue to struggle.
Eventually the Plebeians were able to assert some rights. Roman law was compiled
in the face of the demands of the Plebeians. In 450 BC, the Plebeians enacted 12
laws in bronze. The final victory of
the movement was decided by the choice of one of the two consuls, the Plebeians.
Thus, the Roman Republic moved towards democracy.
Although the Republic was established in
Rome, the country gradually began to emerge as an imperialist power. In a short
time, Rome was trying to influence the whole of Italy. The Dark Ages of the
Roman Civilization from 146 to 46 BC. Due to the rich-poor conflict, slave
revolt, conflict of power, Rome became obsessed with extreme chaos, violence.
Rome's economy was dependent on slaves. Under
the inhuman torture of the rulers, the slaves led a revolt led by Spartacus.
They were able to sustain their revolt for two years. The rebellion ended in 71
BC when Spartacus was killed. Extreme torture fell on the slaves.
In addition to internal strife, Rome was involved in bloody wars. As a result, ambitious military leaders came to power and civil war broke out in Rome. At one stage of the power struggle, three leaders came to power simultaneously on the basis of compromise, which is known in history as the trinity rule. Octavius Caesar, Mark Antony, and Lepidus ruled the great Roman Empire in three parts. Lepidus was in charge of the provinces of Africa, Octavius Caesar was in charge of the western part of the empire, including Italy, and Antony was in charge of the highlands. However, the rule of the three did not last long. Because everyone wanted Rome to be the absolute ruler or emperor. As a result, power struggles soon resumed. Octavius defeated Caesar and defeated Lepidus, while Mark Antony increased his power by marrying the Egyptian princess Cleopatra. But Octavius was defeated in a power struggle with Caesar. Occupying power, Octavius Caesar ascended the throne bearing the name of Augustus Caesar. He is better known by this name in history. Augustus Caesar died in 14 AD. The most significant event in his time was the birth of Jesus Christ. After the death of Augustus Caesar, chaos broke out again in Rome. Foreign invasions, especially of the German barbaric tribes, continued to intensify. Moreover, the Romans' power was being eroded by internal power struggles. The final fall of the Roman Empire took place in 476 BC, when the last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus, failed to repel the onslaught of the German barbarians. Meanwhile, Christianity began to flourish and the Germans emerged.
Rome's contribution to civilization:
Rome was influenced by the Greeks in all fields of art, literature, philosophy, architecture. They followed and imitated the Greeks in these matters. However, in military organization, governance, law and engineering, they were able to excel over the Greeks and other nations. In this case, the modern world owes a great deal to the Romans.
Education, Literature and Writing Methods:
At that time, education meant narrating the memories of sports and heroes. The journey to Rome began with the war. So, all of them were centered on the war. Even then the Greek education of the upper-class Romans was a fashion. As a result, many of them acquired the ability to translate Greek literature into Latin. The elite youth of Rome went to study at various famous schools in Greece.
Plautus and Terence are particularly notable for their contributions to literature in that era. The two were credited with composing conciliatory plays. The greatest improvement in the field of literature was seen during the reign of Augustus Caesar. The poets Horace and Virgil of this era gained considerable fame. Virgil's epic Enid has been translated into many languages. Ovid and Livy are famous poets of this era. Livy was also famous as a historian. The famous historian Tacitus was also born in this era.
Architectural Sculpture and Science:
One of the features of Roman architecture was its vastness. The temple built by Emperor Hadrian is a remarkable example of Pantheon Raman architecture. The Colosseum Theater, built by the Roman emperor Titus in 80 AD, can accommodate 5,600 spectators at a time. Apart from architecture, Rayman sculpture also flourished. Roman sculptors used to make idols of gods and goddesses, emperors, demons and various characters in marble stone.
Some of the scientists were able to make
important contributions. Among them Pliny the Encyclopedia of Science. It
contains the research work of about five hundred scientists. Moreover, the
Raemans had contributed to medical science. Scientist Celsus wrote a book on
medical science. Galen Rufus has also made outstanding contributions to
medicine.
Religion, philosophy and law:
The Romans were also influenced by the Greeks in religious matters. Many Greek deities have changed their names to Roman deities. Jupiter was one of the main gods of the Romans. Other important deities are Juno, Neptune, Mars, Vulcan, Venus, Minerva, Bacchus, etc. The chief priests of the Roman temple conducted religious ceremonies. But the Romans did not believe in the afterlife. From the time of Augustus Caesar, the practice of worshiping the emperor as a god was introduced. Note that Jesus Christ, the founder of Christianity, was born at this time. Later, along with Roman religion, Christianity began to spread. Many Romans were initiated into this religion. This angered the emperor because the emperor could no longer be worshiped as God if he adhered to Christianity. As a result, the Roman emperors stopped preaching the religion and began persecuting the Romans who converted to Christianity. But Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and converted it to Roman government.
Many believe that Roman philosophy was based on Greek philosophy. Yet Cicero, Lucretius (98-55 BC) were able to contribute to Roman philosophy by their well-thought-out philosophical doctrines. Stoic philosophy was quite popular. This doctrine was first propagated in Rome by Panetius of Rhodes in 140 BC.
The greatest and most important contribution of the Romans in the history of world civilization was the making of laws. By the middle of the 5th century BC, the Romans were able to streamline criminal and civil law. In 540 BC, the first laws were engraved on 12 bronze sheets and hung in public for public display. All people are equal in the eyes of Roman law. Roman law is divided into three branches. E.g.-
1. Civil law: Obedience to this law was mandatory for Roman citizens. There were two types of written and unwritten laws.
2. People's law: This law was applicable to all citizens. Moreover, the protection of personal rights was in this law. However, slavery was also recognized through this. Cicero is the lawmaker.
3. Natural Law: This law is basically about protecting the basic rights of the citizens. The modern world is completely dependent on Roman law. In the sixth century AD, Emperor Justinian first published a collection of all Roman laws.
Author -M.
ZAMAN(RASEL)
Roman civilization){kind=link}
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